Methamphetamine (METH) neurotoxicity is associated with abnormalities in the basal ganglia. Enlargement and metabolite abnormalities in this region, suggest inflammation, neuronal injury, and glial reactivity. Based on a previous report of increased fractional anisotropy (FA; the directionality of water movement) from our first 20 subjects, we hypothesized that the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC; the random movement of water molecules in tissue) would be abnormal in the basal ganglia regions (i.e., caudate and putamen) of METH users. METH users (n=20; 14 men, 6 women) met DSM-IV criteria for dependence and used at least 2 years (5 days/week, 0.5 grams/day). Controls (n=20; 14 men, 6 women) without history of drug-dependence were matched for gender, age (METH:32.05±8.78 years, control: 32.30±9.47 years), and education (METH: 13.40±1.47 years, control: 14.20±1.88 years). Student's t-test showed no significant age or educational differences between groups. Subjects were scanned with a 3-Tesla MRI scanner to obtain diffusion-weighted images (EPI sequence, DTI Studio). ANOVA shows no significant ADC differences in the putamen, however caudate ADCs are increased in drug users (right side: 0.66% n.s., left side:3.55% p=.05). As prospective analysis continues, we expect to continue to see increased ADC in the caudate. This is consistent with previous reports suggesting the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine involving inflammatory changes to dopaminergic neurons, as increased ADC is associated with inflammation in other diseases.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an intracellular pathogen that primarily infects alveolar macrophages and causes the disease Tuberculosis (TB). With approximately one-third of the world population exposed, it is considered one of the most deadly and persistent infections. Currently, the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine serves as the primary means of protection against Mtb infections. However, this vaccine does not appropriately protect ethnically diverse populations. To broaden the vaccine efficacy, this project utilized in silico analyses to examine individual host genotypes for protection (H2 loci in mice/ HLA loci in humans), while also probing the Mtb genome for immunogenic regions that are more reactive to specific targeted genotypes. Using bioinformatic methods, the cellular, genetic, proteomic and immunogenic characteristics were examined to screen Mtb proteins and select those which possessed epitopes with the greatest potential to confer appropriate immune stimulation, measured by Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production. The analyses resulted in the identification of five proteins (three native and two hybrid) that served as vaccine candidates. After expression and purification, these proteins were injected into genotype-specific mice, H-2Kb and H-2Kd. Murine plasma was isolated from immunized mice and IFN-γ levels were measured via Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)-based in vitro confirmatory analyses. Hybrid protein immunizations exhibited significant increases in IFN-γ, suggesting that we have developed a valid selection methodology to identify host genotype-specific vaccine candidates.

Satellites have numerous uses ranging from the transmission of communications to the observation of the earth's weather. Depending on the function of a given satellite, the satellite will have a particular orbit that suits it best. The particular function of a satellite may sometimes change, thereby requiring a change in its orbit. Careful planning is a necessity in the alteration of any satellite's orbit. The complex nature of this planning requires that it be done through both purely analytical techniques and approximating numerical techniques before the transfer of the orbits. In this project, implications are found on certain orbital parameters of a periodic trajectory after making reasonable assumptions on some of the other orbital parameters; thereby constructing a periodic trajectory. This newly constructed periodic trajectory is then analyzed using the theory of time-reversal symmetry in dynamical systems. The goal of this analysis is to find a more general method of constructing periodic trajectories and to hopefully make new observations on the interconnectedness of the various orbital parameters. Visual aides, in the form of plots of satellite position versus time, provide an invaluable picture of exactly what the focus of this project is. These plots are obtained using the numerical computing software of MATLAB along with the pertinent Keplerian equations of motion and a few arbitrary initial conditions.

Effective conservation and management of our precious natural resources is becoming more and more urgent. As population of the world increases, environmental pollution is also increasing while available natural resources are decreasing or remain the same. If the characteristics of water flow and pollutant transport in soil media are known and understood thoroughly, then protection of natural resources from increasing pollution threat would be very effective and feasible. For this purpose, a hypothetical problem of contaminant leach from a landfill to a river was investigated using HYDRUS 2-D, which is a Microsoft Windows based modeling environment for analysis of water flow and solute transport in variably saturated porous media. To investigate the effects of soil type and soil hydraulic properties, initial moisture content, and rainfall rate on subsurface water flow and contaminant transport characteristics such as travel time, retardation, retention, and diffusion, etc. were investigated. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to understand the relative effects of each parameter on pollutant movement and subsurface water flow. A study of this type would be very useful in identifying potentially hazardous sites where leaks into groundwater is possible, such as buried petroleum tanks of gas stations, gas spill due to unexpected accidents along the highways etc. A model of pollutant movement and water flow is fundamental in preventing the spread of pollutants and protecting our water resources. It is also very useful in finding answers to "what if" types of questions regarding environmental concerns.

The Freemasons society is a fraternal organization. It began in Scotland and England around 1500. Freemasons' roots lie in the Mason labor unions. Throughout most of their existence, Freemasons have been persecuted. My research focuses on their persecution in periods of social unrest during 1900-1950. Although Freemasons were persecuted in many countries, the research will focus on case studies of four countries France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan. The goal of this thesis is to understand the types and the severity of the persecution endured by the Freemasons, and to learn why governments, churches, and individuals felt the need to persecute Freemasons. Persecution mostly meant Anti-Masonic propaganda. However, it could also mean jail or death. In some cases, death would have been better than having to endure the torture of prison or solitary confinement. This research is aimed at; illuminating how a social organization can persist during and after enduring persecution. It also shows parallels between the experiences of Freemasons and other persecuted groups of that time, such as Jews, as well as persecuted groups today. A wide range of sources will be used in this project. They include government documents, journal and newspaper articles, books, published Masonic records and materials, and interviews with Masons. Ideally, this project will provide a better understanding of these types of societies. In addition, it will enable Freemasons themselves to better understand why they and their predecessors have survived so many centuries.

From the nineteenth century until today, Samoa's thriving culture has endured challenges from deadly illnesses to imperialist conquest to internal social and legal changes. To some degree, Samoa's matai or chief system and other robust institutions have held the culture together. For my thesis, I will research the matai system in American Samoa and in the Independent State of Samoa to compare and contrast how this system has evolved in both political entities since their partition in 1900. Independent Samoa has been the focus of my preliminary research. How could the Samoan social and political structure have survived years of strong outside pressures and Western influences and threats? My hypothesis is that Samoans' pride and unity would not allow them to accept foreign rule over their islands without fighting until the very end. Nonetheless, mere dislike of foreign rule would not have been sufficient to preserve Samoan culture. Surely, there was something else. Contemporary Samoans' awareness of past political and military protests against colonialism, for example, the "mau" movement, is one preliminary answer. My honors thesis will rely on published research in both the Samoan and English languages (books, articles, audiovisual material, and internet sources) and personal interviews to look at how Samoans' resistance to imperialism -- and subsequent generations' collective memories of this resistance -- have shaped contemporary Samoan nationalism and the matai system. In this way, I will show how the matai system continues to be practiced in Samoa and in the Samoan diasporic community in Hawai‘i.

Galaxies are large gravitationally bounded and dynamic systems that consist mostly of stars, interstellar gas and dust, and possibly the hotly debated dark matter. The Milky Way, our own galaxy and home to Earth, has evolved from its infantile stage billions of years ago to what we see today. A question one may pose is how did the Milky Way form and is its evolution different to those of its neighboring galaxies? Astronomers have discovered many facets of galaxies and their histories, but to answer the presented questions has been toilsome. After nearly 100 years since the discovery of "spiral nebula" and correctly labeling them as galaxies by an astronomer named Edwin Hubble, the scientific community has yet to elucidate how unique galaxies form and evolve. In the general case galaxy evolution can be depicted through collision and cannibalization, but to observe a galaxy and know its history has not been done. In the presentation "Hitchhiker's Guide to Galaxy Evolution" a solution to the withstanding problem via a new method will be discussed. By using an advanced semi-analytical model known as the extended-Press-Schechter method and globular clusters, the possibility of unraveling particular galaxy origins and evolution may come closer to reality.

In a letter to his brother Stanislaus (1906), James Joyce wrote, "I quite see, of course, that the [Catholic] church is still the enemy of Ireland: but, I think, her time is almost up." My study explores Joyce's view toward the Church by comparing Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) with John McGahern's The Dark (1965). I examine the ways in which the authors reacted against the Church, and what they might have envisioned as an alternative to a wholesale subservience to Catholicism. Using a novel by a renowned Irish writer alongside a more recent Irish novel will bring to light new perspectives on the role of Catholicism in Ireland and how the novels' protagonists fight against the stifling orthodoxy of the Church. Between 1916 and 1965, nearly fifty years after the Easter Rising, the texture of family life and the relations between the Catholic Church and the Irish republic had changed very little. Recent scholarship reveals the negative effects of an authoritarian Irish Catholic hierarchy that sought to influence all levels of government. Moreover, evidence points to clerical leaders who undermined efforts to reform the Church up through the latter decades of the twentieth century. My study focuses on how two Irish authors, writing at very different moments in Irish history, chose to challenge the status quo. By contesting conventionality, Joyce and McGahern argued for individual freedom and self-expression, and exposed a Church in desperate need of progressive change.

We think of the key, each in his prison
Thinking of the key, each confirms a prison

Conceived at the seam joining Eliot's Prufrock and Waste Land suffused throughout with the spirit of both poems, Of Dreams and Waking spreads across the canvas of a novel in three parts a meditation on the tormenting farce, the narrow abiding sadness and, finally, the clear horror of what it is to know oneself too well.
The narrative enlists a revolving door of focalizing perspectives to interweave the four main characters' transforming triumphs and failures (mostly failures), twisting their stories into a comedy of intersecting folly and pain.

I was neither
Living nor dead, and I knew nothing,
Looking into the heart of light, the silence.
Oed' und leer das Meer.

Global climate change is becoming an increasingly important environmental issue. Extensive attention is being directed towards the strongest greenhouse gas trifluoromenthyl sulfur pentafluoride (SF₅CF₃) with a radiative force of .59 W m-2ppbv-1 on a per molecule basis. As first measured from the Antarctic firn in 1999 its concentration is growing at a rate of 6% yr-1. Released as a by-product during the manufacturing of fluorochemicals, the only known source, this accounts for only a small existing portion in the atmosphere. Sturges et al. (2000) hypothesized an alternative source of SF₅CF₃ that could come from a reaction between the SF₅ radical and the CF₃ radical (breakdown products of SF₆ and CF₄ molecules, respectively) therefore, the use of SF₆ and CF₄ in high voltage equipment may form the SF₅CF₃ molecule. Using a surface scattering machine, SF₆:CF₄ gases were condensed at 12K under clean ultra-high vacuum conditions. We have previously demonstrated that in low temperature methane and germane matrices, energetic electrons induce primarily a cleavage of the carbon-hydrogen and germanium-hydrogen bonds to form methyl/germyl radicals and atomic hydrogen. Here, energetic electrons were used to induce a cleavage of carbon-fluoride and sulfur-fluoride bonds to create SF₅ and CF₃ radicals. Vibrational frequencies of the SF₅CF₃ molecule were identified in the ice using infrared spectroscopy. These IR data will be compiled in a database (NIST, NASA) to help identify this gas in prospective atmospheric searches via infrared spectroscopy (NASA-IRTF, Spitzer Telescope, VISTA, SOFIA).

Since the arrival of the Spaniards internal peace eluded Nicaraguans continuously despite events; such as the overthrow of the American filibuster William Walker; which outwardly suggested the formation of a cohesive state. In 1990, after ten years of fighting, Nicaragua established a democratic government finally providing internal peace. Proposing that weak national identity contributed to Nicaragua's continuous turmoil through 1990, the thesis will focus on the elements that contribute to the formation of a strong national identity. To study national identity formation in Nicaragua, an exploration of Nicaraguan history will be made focusing on the events that significantly contributed to its formation. An in-depth definition of national identity will be made, highlighting the social and political settings that need to exist for success. A comparison of these factors as they existed during Walker's expulsion in 1857 and the 1990 establishment of a democratic government will be made to explain why national identity was strengthened in 1990, but not in 1857. A complete working definition will be made using national identity studies. Primary sources and historical studies will determine the social and political settings that can be applied to the working definition. Government documents will also contribute to the understanding of the conditions. National identity formation is a very complex process, unique to each nation. Nicaragua offers an opportunity to study the importance of multiple aspects in its formation through comparison of failure and success.

Metabolic syndrome is a group of disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension which is prevalent in about 25% of the US population. These pathological conditions contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The latter is the leading cause of death in people with metabolic syndrome. Little is known of what nutrients may be beneficial in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Prior studies have shown that vitamin-like compounds such as plant flavonoids possess lipid-lowering properties using human liver cells as the model system (Theriault et al, 2000). We are proposing to use an animal model to study the therapeutic potential of plant-flavonoids in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome in humans. By studying the effects of flavonoids in associated dyslipidemia and glucose imbalance in animal models, we can test the effectiveness of supplements that are commercially available. I also hope to identify the specific types of flavonoids that will be most beneficial to patients suffering from metabolic syndrome -- a serious emerging public health concern. Finally, this study will help promote flavonoids as a healthy, functionary-dietary supplement for the FDA.

In the United States over 81,000 acres of land are designated unsuitable for use due to environmental contamination. Conventional methods for eliminating chemical contaminants, such as the physical removal of soil and subsequent washing or incineration of pollutant material are expensive and prove stressful to the surrounding environment. Bacterial bioremediation is a cost effective technology that harnesses the natural ability of bacteria to consume hazardous contaminants as its food source. Presently, one of the most persistent and harmful compounds found in the environment is benzo(a)pyrene. This compound is a carcinogen and remains one of the hardest chemical pollutants to degrade due to its large molecular weight and fused ring structure. The general objective of the present project is to isolate bacteria capable of degrading benzo(a)pyrene. Soil samples are collected from a remediation site at the Hickam Air Force Base in Hawai‘i. The uniquely high concentration of benzo(a)pyrene found in the samples, presents a vibrant source of bacteria that are capable of degrading the contaminant compound. The natural surroundings in which the samples are collected from, may also harbor novel bacterial strains that are more fitting towards the degradation of benzo(a)pyrene in tropical climates. The successful isolation of another bacterial strain capable of degrading benzo(a)pyrene will add to the arsenal of bioremediation strategies for the cleanup of contaminated environments.

Performance of honeybees is similar to that of vertebrates in a wide range of learning experiments. This general finding is surprising because vertebrates and invertebrates have a very different evolutionary history and their nervous systems are also extremely different. One of the contemporary areas of interest in the study of vertebrate learning is compound conditioning, and it will be of interest to determine if the performance of honeybees with compound stimuli is similar to that of vertebrates. In a series of preliminary experiments bees were presented with two color-color compound stimuli (for example, blue-yellow and green-orange). In each experiment, the bees were rewarded for choice of one compound and not rewarded for choice of the other. The compounds were presented in several different ways to determine the relative discriminability of the compounds. Performance was best when the two colors were presented as semi-circles on small petri dishes. In a subsequent experiment these compounds were used to compare the performance of two groups of bees; one group was trained with the color-color compound rewarded and one of the colors not rewarded (AB+ vs. A-: compound positive), and the other group was trained with the color-color compound not rewarded and one of the colors rewarded (AB- vs. A+: compound negative). The results suggest that the compound positive discrimination is easier than the compound negative discrimination for honeybees. This finding has implications for elemental and configural theories of stimulus control during discriminative learning.

Despite relentless media coverage, and extraordinary congressional and independent investigations, it is hard to believe that we still might not know some of the most significant facts about the war in Iraq. We all have heard the debates: The US has gone to war because: 1) the US is extending its global hegemony (empire-building), 2) Iraq's WMD programs, 3) retaliation for Sept. 11, 4) liberating Iraqis, 5) oil/energy resources, 6) War on Terror, 7) spreading democracy, 8) unseating a tyrant. But therein lies the controversy and where I begin my research. Do we really know why the US went to war? Were we misled? Has the Bush administration created a zone of deniability to erase any complicity it may have? Or could it be that the war is completely legal? Many people know that Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and his cadre of neoconservative ideologues have broad influence over foreign policy, particularly concerning Iraq. This overwhelming roar effectively tuned out moderates such as former Secretary of State Colin Powell. This radical shift had underscored the degree to which Bush's presidency has departed from traditional cautious pragmatism. Bush's current political ideology has disallowed him to pursue his original campaign pledge: to follow a "humble" foreign policy, and to steer clear of nation-building campaigns. These decisions have led to the current political consciousness we as Americans must deal with. Among them, an intrusive domestic spying program, political unrest from Europe to Afghanistan, and most importantly, exorcising the ghost of Vietnam in Iraq.

Learning in honeybees is remarkably similar to that of vertebrates, but memory, an integral aspect of learning, is not well-studied in honeybees. The following experiments use the symbolic matching-to-sample procedure to study short-term memory. In such an experiment, honeybees are first presented with a stimulus that serves as the sample, A or B. The subject is then presented with a pair of stimuli, X and Y. Choice of X is rewarded following sample A, and choice of Y is rewarded following sample B. In these experiments, a black and white square and a yellow and black triangle were the samples (A and B), and green and purple circles were the choice stimuli (X and Y). All stimuli were projected on the surface of a computer monitor mounted in the base of a laboratory window which the bees were trained to visit for sucrose reward. In Experiment 1, the sample was present during the choice phase. In Experiment 2, there was a retention interval of approximately 5 seconds between the sample and choice stimuli. In Experiment 3, the sample was presented in one window and the choices in an adjacent window with a retention interval of 20-30 seconds. The bees in Experiment 1 showed better-than-chance performance as did the bees in Experiments 2 and 3 with short and long retention intervals. The results provide strong evidence of the use of short-term memory in honeybees.

One of the biggest challenges facing submillimeter wavelength interferometry is correcting for short timescale atmospheric phase fluctuations during the observations. Quasars sufficiently bright to use as calibrators are scarce, particularly at frequencies higher than 300 GHz. We present results of an ongoing monitoring program to determine the fluxes and variability of quasars at 230 and 345 GHz. The data are being collected at the Submillimeter Array (SMA) on Mauna Kea and reduced using MIR data reduction software. Quasars that have quality data spanning a time period of at least six months are included. The quasars have been sorted for those with a minimal variability in flux, making them reliable calibrators, and those whose variability make the fluxes unpredictable on a month to month basis. If the variability is below 30%, the quasar is considered stable enough to be a good candidate for calibration. If the variability exceeds this, while scientifically interesting, they are considered unreliable for planning future observations. Current and future telescopes will be able to make use of this list at 200-400 GHz. In addition, software is being developed at the SMA to transfer the phase solutions derived at these frequencies up to 690 GHz, where most quasars are nearly undetectable. This will allow us to correct the phase in the high frequency observations when both 230 and 690 GHz receivers are used simultaneously.

Honeybees are the only invertebrate species for which there has been a systematic study of learning. Interestingly, their performance resembles that of vertebrates in a variety of analogous experiments. Many are discrimination experiments in which the bees are rewarded with sucrose for choice of one alternative but find water for choice of the other. While some stimuli (e.g. colors, odors) are easily discriminated, others are not. One possible way to improve the bees' performance is to use a substance more aversive than water to penalize the incorrect choices. The literature suggests quinine and salt as possible candidates. Both have been used in discrimination training though there have been no formal comparisons to see if they are more aversive than water. In the experiments reported here, we trained free-flying honeybees to drink sucrose from a colored target. The bees were then tested with two of the colored targets simultaneously, one containing water and the other the candidate compound. The number of contacts with each was measured. The compound was quinine in Experiment 1 and salt in Experiment 2. The bees showed no preference in either experiment. In light of this result and preliminary unpublished data, artificial sweeteners, aspartame and sucralose, were used as the compounds in Experiments 3 and 4 respectively. The bees showed a preference for water over aspartame and for water over sucralose. Probable follow-up experiments include testing saccharin, another artificial sweetener, and using the sweeteners in a discrimination problem.

My study pertains to former Japanese collaborators and the confiscation of their land by the Korean government. Specifically, my study focuses on answering how the Korean government legitimized seizing land owned by former collaborators. My argument then takes on two parts; does interpreting history have a greater importance over property rights today? And what affect did these collaborators have on nationalism during colonial and contemporary Korea? The significance of my research will clarify Korea's transition in becoming a modern state while continuing to favor collaborators by ignoring their role in history. It has been almost sixty years since the end of Japan's occupation, but only within the last fifteen years has the issue of confiscating collaborators' land been nationally publicized. Furthermore, since there are few sources in English, my contribution would provide insights for those interested in that part of Korea's history. Finally, my research will assert the historiography argument of Korea's interpretation, and how it affects the psychological dimension of national identity. My thesis will not only define the logistics of property rights during the postcolonial period, but also reflect the importance of confiscating these lands as a marker to recognize those who benefited when many suffered. In doing so, I hypothesize that the confiscation of land from collaborators is justified based on the argument that land was given discriminately to those who helped colonial Japan, who hindered Korea's nationalism and compromised the transition in becoming a modern state.

All languages are composed of specific rules on how to formulate the sounds of the language, how to combine the words into phrases, and how to write the language correctly. When learning a foreign language it is not only important to learn those aspects, but it is also of great importance to acquire the skills needed to recognize, understand and produce the language's suprasegmental features: stress, length, tone, and intonation. The purpose of this project is to describe the tonal grammar of Arabic, specifically the Cairo-Egypt dialect, Cairene Arabic (CA), by looking at phonetically controlled sentences (Statements, Wh-Questions, and Y/N questions), and to highlight any unique features that are found. The current project will advance pilot studies that have already been conducted by extending the data collection to include six native speakers of CA (3 males, 3 females), and include a wider variety of sentence types. Once the data are collected, PRAAT, speech analysis software, will be used to analyze the various acoustic characteristics of the sentences, such as the pitch contours, stress patterns and syllable durations. The data collected from this research project will add important information to the currently limited research in the areas of rhythmic and musical patterns of CA and other Arabic dialects.

A man silhouetted by flames' screams of pain and the smell of burning flesh. Kelin's dreams haunt her, but she can't worry about that now. People are dying. Men and women found in the middle of their work, dead: no sign of wound, poison, or attacker. People call it the sleeping plague. Only the mages of Irdura can solve the mystery, but it's these magic-users who are targeted. Kelin and Phoenix, the royal mages, must now travel to the long-neglected southern border in order to find the cause. But first, Kelin must face a town full of people who hate her, and accept the memories of a childhood trauma that could reveal the truth behind the sleeping plague and Kelin's dreams. If she doesn't find the murderer, she could be the next to die. "Daughter of the Flame" is a fantasy novel about a commoner struggling to find herself in noble society. Research formed the basis of building this world: the daily lives of peasants and nobles in medieval England, fashions, warfare, city construction, animals and plants. Repression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder lent greater depth to Kelin's traumatic childhood and the reemergence of her buried memories. Publishing a full-length novel for the first time is no easy task. In order to edit the piece of writing into a marketable book, research was done in regards to novel writing and the industry of book selling, particularly related to the fantasy genre.

The industry of wild dolphin watching and swim-with programs are becoming increasingly popular as people desire to experience interactions with cetaceans in their natural habitat. The Hawaiian Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) seek shallow, wind-sheltered coves daily for protection while resting during the morning hours. Data were collected by the Volunteer Vacations Hawai‘i (VVH) organization, within their People Observing Dolphins (POD) program, during the months of May through September of 2004 and 2005 on the west coast of Oahu. Data from two sites; Makua and Pokai Bay were obtained by a team of volunteers who observed with and without binoculars, and recorded the behavioral data during the absence and presence of tour vessels. The dolphins' behavior was measured using a 0 to 3 range of activity level. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel to find if the presence of tour vessels in the vicinity affected the dolphins' activity levels. These levels where compared to those observed when vessels where not present. Previous studies suggest that there is a cost from this form of tourism to the individuals and populations of the targeted dolphins.

Inclusion is a hotly debated practice of integrating those with disabilities into a general education setting, a setting where students are of average to above average intelligence. The focus of this paper is on students with severe disabilities. Severe disabilities include autism, severe multiple impairments and mental retardation. Students with severe disabilities are rarely integrated into a general education setting despite the positive social and academic outcomes for both those with and without disabilities. Whether inclusion will become a norm in schools depends on teachers' attitudes towards the practice. Feelings about including those with severe disabilities will be found through surveying a group of teachers currently in the College of Education at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. The students to be surveyed are receiving their undergraduate degree in educating children with and without disabilities. Two surveys will be given. The first will be given right before the students graduate and the second after a semester of full time teaching. The survey will assess whether teachers would be confident and willing to practice inclusion and with what supports would they accept those with severe disabilities into the classroom. The surveys will be assessed through quantitative data using the Likert scale. There will also be a section for additional comments. The results will have implications for the future of inclusion in Hawai‘i as well as the preparation techniques of the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.

On November 6, 2004, the world watched as Bible-quoting, church-attending Republicans ran away with the presidential and congressional elections. Kerry's democrat ideas about welfare and the war in Iraq could not sway conservative Christian voters, who cared most about "moral" issues, such as bans on abortion and homosexual marriage. Within months, materials analyzing the Religious Right flooded bookstores, magazines and news stations. A reoccurring conclusion in all of the analyses was that Democrats had to start appealing to evangelical Christians, and many Christians in the Democrat party took up the challenge. This study looks at the rhetoric used by the emerging evangelical Left and compares it against that of the Religious Right. In addition to the sermons and speeches of the Religious Right and Left, this study also incorporates sermons from Union and Confederate religious leaders during the Civil War. These materials play a secondary role supporting conclusions about the dangers of mixing religion and politics. During the Civil War, the Confederacy intertwined their political beliefs with their beliefs in God, convincing themselves that they were fighting for a righteous cause. The South did such a good job convincing Christian Americans that God was "on their side" that Northern preachers fought back by including God in their political positions, much like the Religious Left has done today. This paper is important because it examines religion's role in American politics today in a historical context. In addition, it evaluates the benefits and costs of using religion to take sides on issues.

The notion of finding reciprocated romantic love is reinforced at every turn in Western culture. My thesis examines how the pervasion of the Arthurian legend in modern Western society has contributed to how we think about love today. Organized in two sections, my thesis is a combination of analysis and fiction. The first section is a discussion of the Arthurian legend, specifically on courtly love in Sir Thomas Malory's "Le Morte Darthur" serves a social function in marriage and perpetuates gender roles and power structures by simultaneously exalting and marginalizing female characters. I argue that most people are typically unaware of the underlying dichotomy of our culture's ideologies, namely that our expectations in love are based on adulterous courtship customs from 12th century Arthurian literature. Recent feminist readings highlight misogynistic strains in the genre, and I argue that a major constituent of courtly love is the homosocial debasement of women. Thus, the creative portion of my project, "The Passing," is a piece of feminist literature which Rita Felski defines as a "critical awareness of women's subordinate position and of gender as a problematic category." Through the first-person narration of protagonist, Kaylee Johnstone, my short story transposes Arthur's world with our own as a method of commenting and reflecting on Western culture. My thesis ultimately demonstrates Steven Jaeger's claim that "what starts as an analysis of the medieval mind ends in self-analysis."

Students studying a second language often encounter many challenges. In the Japanese language, one substantial learning obstacle lies in its complex writing system, particularly with kanji, or Chinese characters. Many kanji possess similar features, such as shape and sound, causing common recognition mistakes and memory errors. To reduce confusion and improve kanji learning, students frequently use techniques provided by instructors or generated on their own. Because each student has unique preferences, each employs a different set of strategies and with different frequencies. This study investigates how Japanese language learners use these kanji learning strategies. First, it explores the variety of strategies and how frequent students use them. Second, it compares how these preferences vary between students enrolled in "lower-level" vs. "upper-level" courses. Third, it considers the cognitive preferences of students to relate which strategies are likely to suit them. Data were collected from 246 students enrolled at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa taking Japanese language courses in 2005 through surveys. Findings suggest writing repeatedly is the most preferred learning tactic, with other tactics such as reading and writing and visualizing and writing also being used commonly. Lower-level and upper-level students show similar tactic preferences with minor differences. Furthermore, students predominantly favor kinesthetic, and to a lesser extent visual, approaches. These results imply that kanji tactics which reinforce kanji information through multiple cognitive paths, especially visually and kinesthetically, are preferred. However, because students interpret information uniquely, it is important not to neglect other strategies.

This research project will discuss how the political and social circumstances of Thomas Malory, Alfred Tennyson and Mark Twain affected how they wrote their respective tales, Le Morte D'Arthur, Idylls of the King, Connecticut Yankee. I will show how the alterations, omissions and additions of source content reflect the conditions from which they were writing. This will be done by examining Malory's 14th century Arthurian tale against his French sources and then noting the alterations and enhancements. Next Tennyson's Idylls of the King will be examined against its main source, Malory. Especially noting how Idylls reflects its 1885 publish date, speaking of the monarchy and knighthood with a definite Victorian feel. Twain in Yankee based his Arthurian structure on Malory, however much of the story will be quite different because his work is not a traditional Arthurian tale but definitely reflects his Americanness, while showing the divergent social and political issues in the 1880s. This project is important because it illustrates the idea that literature is part of life and is constantly changing as societies change, thus these three authors reflect very different circumstances and their stories echo those differences. In order to best show how these stories differ I will use three common issues from each tale: The structure of each author's rendition and how they differ from their sources, the treatment of the Monarchy/Arthur, and finally the death of Arthur as a person and as a chapter in the Arthur tale.

Manure has long been used for agricultural purposes to provide additional nutrients for crop growth. Currently, chicken manure is commercially available and is widely used to promote plant growth. However, since there is a wide variation in animal diets and digestive systems, the use of manure from different animals has the potential to provide equivalent or greater amounts of nutrients for plant growth. The purpose of this experiment was to compare the growth rates of corn when grown with rhinoceros, zebra, and chicken manures, as well as with a commercial fertilizer and a control group. Corn was grown over a period of one month using sand as a growing medium, so as not to add any additional external nutrients to the system. Before the manure was incorporated into the sand, each manure was dried to account for differences in water content. Furthermore, the corn was grown in four increasing rates of each fertilizer to determine the effect of each on the crop growth. At the end of the growth period, the effectiveness of each fertilizer on the corn was assessed by measuring plant height, dry weight, leaf count, pH, and chlorophyll count using a SPAD meter. Preliminary data have shown that the corn grown in chicken manure grew faster and larger than that of the other treatments.

The presence of intracellular copper is a necessity for most organisms, however, concentration levels must be tightly regulated because physiological problems including human diseases can result from elevated or deficient levels of copper within cells. Menkes and Wilson's diseases are examples of human pathologies caused by copper deficiency and copper toxicity disorders, respectively. Pathology in both human diseases has been associated with mutations in copper P-type ATPases. Similar copper transporters have been described in cyanobacteria, and here we characterize a putative cation P-type ATPase involved in the regulation of intracellular copper concentrations in the cyanobacterium, Anabaena PCC 7120. The transporter was found to be involved in copper uptake processes and will hopefully lead to the elucidation of additional genes to develop Anabaena as a model for studying copper transport and regulatory processes involved in maintaining homeostatic concentrations of intracellular copper.

This project will be an exploration of how the superobjective of a play can be enhanced by using Richard Wagner's theory of gesamptkunstwerk to guide the show's artistic design. Director Konstantin Stanislavsky developed the term "superobjective" to express the single overarching message of a script. One aspect of gesamptkunstwerk, which literally translates to "total art work," is the visual and thematic integration of all non-acting aspects of a show (which collectively form the artistic design). While acting tells the audience the superobjective, such an integrated artistic design can easily be used to show it as well. The final product would be a cohesive overall performance, made more accessible for the audience. This project will seek to breach part of the chronic disconnect between theatrical design and the theoretical study of theatre. An example artistic design consisting of a scale model of a set, a lighting design, and costume designs will accompany the paper.

The objective of this study was to identify and evaluate the military physical fitness standards across military branches and genders. The current military physical fitness standards were identified through published literature. Information was compared across branches and potentially significant subjective variations were identified. Male and female Army Physical Fitness Assessment (APFA) performance differences were compared to male and female world class athlete performance differences. Mean, standard deviation and range data were calculated from these differences. Personnel responsible for body fat assessment, the Weight Loss Program structure, and criteria for successful completion of the Weight Loss Program were found to be different between military branches. The mean difference between observed female aerobic capacity and expected is 2:00 mm:ss ± 00:37 SD. The mean percent female advantage is 8.78% ± 2.01% SD. For upper body strength, the mean difference between observed and expected female performance is 2.30 ± 1.03 SD. The mean percent female advantage is 7.56% ± 2.40% SD. Female soldiers must perform many of the same physically demanding missions as males. However, standards allow them to perform at a lower physical exertion and capability relative to males. This may place females and their supporting unit at an increased risk. It is important to reassess gender differences for upper body strength and running ability to minimize risks to military personnel.

China is one of the fastest, if not the fastest growing country in the world today. However, along with economic and political growth comes new and improved diplomacy and state-to-state relations. When it comes to China's state-to-state relationships, Russia has been given more attention than any other. I intended to show what China's relationship with Russia is concerning military and energy affairs. Starting by reviewing the early 20th Century history, where both of these countries went through several changes and even a split from each other. Relations changed during the 1980s, China and Russia normalized relations and set the state for the accelerated friendship they are having today. The major breakthrough has come in 21st Century leaders Hu Jintao and Vladimir Putin, whom have stared a whole new level of cooperation. One of the major points of this co-operation is militarily; China is buying Russia's military hardware and conducting major training exercises. The second, and arguably the most important area of interest for these two, is energy. China is securing oil deals with Russia to provide it with energy to support its economic growth, negotiating for a pipeline to run from northern China through Russia. Even though China and Russia have been holding several high level meetings the last five years, they still have differences. I will explore if they are able to settle their long-standing border dispute and how immigration in the Far East will affect their ties.

The Grail is commonly known as the sacred cup used by Christ during the Last Supper, which after his crucifixion, was used to collect his blood. Modern perception of the Grail stems from Christian and medieval origins where authors romanticized the Grail by depicting knights embarking on quests in search of the Grail. Contrary to popular belief, the Grail story extends beyond the medieval period and Christian legends. The Grail story, deeply rooted in Celtic pagan beliefs, endures past the medieval period and into the modern era incorporating modern contexts. From the writings of Taliesin during the ninth century and continuing into the twenty-first century with Universal Pictures' Jarhead, the Grail myth remains a subject of interest. This research project seeks to explore what causes the Grail to entice and appeal to the hearts of people bridging the gaps between generations of human thought. Analyzing the common mode of human experience within the Grail stories -- the events of personal realization and meaningful purposes -- reveals that at the heart of humanity lies an inherent motivation to reach a certain "acme of existence," a heightened achievement beyond self-actualization. The desire to obtain such an "acme of existence" will be used to explain the enduring appeal of the Grail. The Grail stories depicted by the films Apocalypse Now and Jarhead will be examined in the foreground of the project with references to traditional Grail texts written by authors such as Sir Thomas Malory, Robert de Boron and Chrétien de Troyes.

Soil is a heterogeneous mixture of solid (minerals), liquid and gas. The size of individual particles making the solid phase of soil plays a major role in impacting soil water flow, solute movement, and heat transport. The main objective of this laboratory study was to determine the effect of particle size of quartz sands on its saturated water content, water retention at different suctions, water infiltration rates, and solute movement. Nine sand columns were filled with quartz sands having different particle sizes ranging between 0.125 mm and 1 mm in diameter. Water capillary rise was determined for these treatments. Total porosity of each treatment was measured using the saturation method. Water holding capacity was also determined one day after free drainage practically stopped. Infiltration rate was determined for each of these treatments using a standardized procedure. Results show that capillary rise, total porosity, water holding capacity were higher for the sand with the finest size (0.125 mm) and lowest for the coarser size (1 mm). In the contrary, infiltration rate was the highest for coarse sand and the lowest for fine sand. The impact of sand on solute transport was not as conclusive as its impact on water flow. Results of this work show that sands with different particle sizes impact substantially water flow but very little solute transport.

Research suggests that one function of the emotion of disgust is to prevent contact with harmful pathogenic substances. Previous studies have used visual imagery to measure disgust reactions to substances that typically contain harmful pathogens. Additional research shows that such bacteria and other pathogens thrive in environments of high moisture and high temperature. The purpose of this study was to determine whether humans are sensitive to temperature and moisture when using tactile cues to assess how disgusting an item is. We hypothesized that subjects would find items of higher moisture and/or higher temperature more disgusting than control items. Subjects touched two different items of varying temperatures and moistures and rated their perceived level of disgust for each. Data analysis yielded a main effect for moisture level but not for temperature. These results support the hypothesis that moisture level is used as a tactile cue in making disgust assessments.

Kailua is located on the island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. It is one of the most visited beaches on the windward side of the island. Many locals and tourists enjoy the recreational water activities (swimming, snorkeling, surfing, fishing, boogie boarding, paddling) that the beach has to offer. In 2002 Enchanted Lakes (Ka‘elepulu Stream), which empties into Kailua Bay, was classified as exceeding water quality standards for excess nutrients, turbidity, chlorophyll a and enterococci. This project aims to characterize the bacteria (Enterococcus) levels throughout the waterbody, which may then lead to identifying possible water pollutant sources. Currently Ka‘elepulu estuary and stream are lined with residential single-family homes, mangroves, an urban community, a golf course and two wetland areas (Hamakua and Kawainui Marsh). To characterize the Enterococcus levels throughout the waterbody a random systematic grid was set up, using the Visual Sample Plan, to determine the 80 sampling locations. These samples were collected on the same day and then analyzed using the Enterolert system. Enterolert is used for the detection and quantification of enterococci in ambient, fresh, estuarine and marine waters. Through the quantification of the enterococci it was possible to characterize the distribution of the bacteria throughout the stream system. This led to identifying watershed areas that may have greater potential pollutant sources for the waterbody.

This project will consist of writing a critical history of the Associated Students of the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (ASUH), the chartered representative organization for undergraduates on the flagship campus of the UH system, in order to characterize the evolving behavior of ASUH since its creation in 1912. Using particular events in its history, I will examine the student senate's behavior in terms of the relationships between it and the many actors involved in making decisions affecting UHM, including students, faculty, administrators, state legislators, and ASUH officers. I expect to find that a series of perceptions and subjective characterizations influence what issues ASUH addresses, and how it chooses to address them. These include perceptions of general student interest in campus issues, ASUH's ability to represent a voice of students, the expected participation by students in decision-making, and the purpose and role of student government as part of the undergraduate experience. The primary sources for the narrative portion of this project will be printed news media, including the local commercial papers and Ka Leo, and ASUH documents (e.g. session and committee minutes, resolutions, and official news publications). In addition, a survey will be drafted and sent to alumni to determine students' evolving perceptions and attitudes towards ASUH, and interviews will be conducted with certain actors who participated in campus politics over the years. These will both help reconstruct the history and establish the framework for the analysis of perceptions of ASUH.

Early studies of the sensory capacities of honeybees suggested good discrimination of colors and odors but poor discrimination of shapes. Therefore, most of the learning research with honeybees has used colors and odors as the rewarded and non-rewarded stimuli. Recent work in this laboratory showed that bees could easily discriminate colored circles projected on a computer monitor that was mounted horizontally in a laboratory window. With a sucrose drop on one color and a water drop on the other, the bees quickly learn to choose the color rewarded with sucrose. Given the success of this new method for presenting stimuli, it seemed reasonable to revisit the question of shape discrimination in honeybees. We investigated whether discrimination is possible between two projected closed shapes, a square and a triangle, both white or both yellow. For comparison purposes, another group of bees was trained with two colors, yellow and white, both as triangles or both as squares. Individual bees were pre-trained to fly to the laboratory window for sucrose. In training, there was sucrose on one of the stimuli and water on the other. The results obtained with the two groups show that both the color and shape problems are discriminable, with both groups performing above chance by the end of training. Clearly we have evidence of good shape discrimination in honeybees with the new computer projection technique. Future experiments will include other shapes along with variation in size and color.

Deconvolution of astronomical images is a process whereby images are modified in an attempt to remove the blurring effects of our turbulent atmosphere and the inherent systematic errors that result from use of an Adaptive Optics system. We are using an image deconvolution program called MISTRAL(1) to deconvolve Adaptive Optics images of 3 asteroids taken with Keck II's NIRC2 camera, in order to obtain better resolved images. We are looking at the asteroids 511 Davida, 52 Europa, and 12 Victoria, and examining them to better determine their geologic surface features, periods of rotation, pole position for rotation, size, temperature, and albedo. By understanding more of the structure and composition of these asteroids, we will be able to learn more about how the solar system formed and evolved. Along with using this software on these asteroid images, we will also be testing and evaluating the use of the MISTRAL software. We would like to learn to use it to its best ability and possibly improve on its functionality. The performance of MISTRAL is evaluated based on the sharpness of asteroid edges and the clarity of asteroid surface features in deconvolved images. An improved method of deconvolution would be beneficial to all astronomical AO imagery, which could improve scientific astronomical measurements. (1) MISTRAL: COPYRIGHT (C) Conan Mugnier Fusco - ONERA 1998-2000.

The process of star formation is an incredibly volatile one, and through massive events light can become obscured, causing the young stars to appear variable. The timescales and degree on which this variability occurs is currently unknown. To investigate this, I am combining data from the Subaru and UH 2.2m telescopes to observe the star formation region Lambda Orionis. I will be combining the data we obtained with data available in catalogues to determine certain properties of the young stars within this region. I will then compare the variability, H alpha emission and infrared excess of these stars to determine the correlation of these three properties, and how this relates to the large picture of star formation.

Knowing the rainfall-runoff relationships for watersheds in Hawai‘i is crucial in allocating diversion rights of water to the leeward side, while maintaining adequate levels for the windward needs. The diversion of water from the windward sides of the Hawaiian Islands to the dryer leeward sides has raised the awareness of windward residents and increased their concern about this issue. The main objective of this research is to understand the rainfall-runoff relationships in two Hawaiian watersheds, a leeward and a windward watershed. The Makaha, Oahu, watershed was selected as representative of a leeward watershed, while the Hanalei, Kauai watershed was selected as representative of a windward watershed. Two years (2003 and 2004) worth of rainfall and stream flow data were obtained from USGS and NOAA websites. To obtain the rainfall-runoff relationships, runoff values were calculated by separating the base flow from stream discharge using the sliding interval method. Regression analyses were also conducted using rainfall as independent and runoff as dependent variables. The rainfall and stream flow data were also plotted versus time to show the temporal relationship of rainfall and stream discharge. A second set of rainfall-runoff analyses were performed relating the volume of rainfall dropped over the entire watershed to the volume of water flow through the stream at the outlet of both watersheds to calculate water yields. Hanalei Stream Watershed has higher rainfall and consequently higher runoff, as compared to the Makaha Stream Watershed.

The CanSat or Satellite is designed to provide students the opportunity to experience a hands-on space program at an affordable cost. The mission is to design and build a CanSat that will determine its maximum altitude, range, distance from deployment to landing, the direction of travel using any combination of sensors, and measure temperature to ±1 degree Centigrade at least once every 10 seconds during flight. From that we can determine altitude, range, and direction just like a satellite. The CanSat can transmit radio transmission from the ground system and take GPS readings via Latitude and Longitude also North, South, East, and West directional readings. The positional data collected from a Radio Transmitter connect to our laptop or ground station. The CanSat is propelled out of a rocket and parachutes down taking readings. The GPS sends data indicating range and direction from the launch pad to the CanSat landing site. By developing this project, learning what works and what doesn't, and learning to work as a team, each one of us developed an understanding of the processes that go into the development and success of any project. ALOHA!

For my honors project, I am making a comparison between the literature and methodology of African American folklorist Zora Neale Hurston and Japanese folklorist Lafcadio Hearn. Although both authors were of a different time period, their literature shows similar characteristics; most importantly, an honesty and authenticity to the cultures they wrote about. I am planning an attempt at comparing the philosophy behind these authors' folklore collection and transcription methodologies, to find similarities that contributed to the longevity and importance of their work to their respective societies. I believe that authenticity was one of the most important characteristics in the works of these writers, necessary for the survival and popularity of their writing in the decades to come. Furthermore, I hope to show that these authors were important to helping African American and Japanese cultures maintain a sense of identity throughout periods of societal change. My methods of research include comparing and analyzing primary texts by these authors, including Hearn's short story collection Kwaidan and Hurston's folklore collection Mules and Men. I am also examining secondary texts such as biographies, and I plan to research sources that will provide information on the philosophy of folklore and storytelling, as well as the importance that folklore had in preserving cultural beliefs and values.

Spectral vegetation indices obtained from satellite sensors have been used to measure and monitor the Earth’s vegetative cover from local, regional, to global scales. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has been the most widely-used index and shown to correlate with green leaf area index, green biomass, and net primary productivity. The NDVI from the two sensors, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-14 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terra (SPOT)-4 VEGETATION, were evaluated for their cross-sensor relationships and continuity/compatibility. Data continuity of AVHRR and VEGETATION NDVI is of critical importance for the generation of a seamless, long-term data record for global change studies. AVHRR daily NDVI data and VEGETATION 10-days NDVI composites were obtained over the EOS validation core sites within the conterminous USA for year 1998. The NDVI temporal profiles derived from AVHRR and VEGETATION were comparable, both depicting seasonal evolution of green vegetation in the same manner. However, the AVHRR NDVI temporal profiles showed pseudo-seasonal patterns due to seasonal cycles in atmospheric water vapor. AVHRR and VEGETATION NDVI showed a strong linear relationship with more than 95% of variation explained by a simple linear model (R2 = .95). The strength of the relationship became smaller when AVHRR NDVI were not corrected for water vapor (R2 = .88). We conclude that the NDVI from SPOT-4 VEGETATION and NOAA-14 AVHRR can be used interchangeably for vegetation phenology studies and their relationship can be modeled via a simple linear model; however, correction of atmospheric water vapor is a critical, necessary preprocessing step for deriving a stable time-series.

Thrust and fire safety are among NASA's major concerns in the fulfillment of its mission on Mars Exploration, especially the missions that plan to bring astronauts to and back from the Red Planet. Responding to these concerns, this research studies the burning characteristics and extinction of diffusion flames in space, which are different from those on Earth due to the lack of gravity. Because microgravity combustion experiments require special facilities available only in NASA and are very costly, the investigation is theoretical that includes analytical and computational contents. In the analytical study, a mathematical model that includes the conservation of mass, species concentration, and energy is formulated to identify the flame location, flame temperature, and extinction condition. In the study, the flow domain is split to five subdomains, a very thin branching region in which the branching reaction occurs, two broader but still thin oxidation regions that sandwich the branching region, and two broad chemically inert transport regions out of the termination regions. The computational study is performed using an existing flame code that incorporated detailed chemistry and transport properties. The analytical study focuses on the steady burning while the computational study focuses on the transient behavior of flames. Spherical flames stabilized by a porous burner will be used in this research.

This project is contributing to Dr. Chris McKay's research to determine if life on Mars exists or could potentially exist. A network of autonomous motes will aid us in detecting life. Our goal this semester is to design a system to passively detect potential signs of life and find the key molecular components which are indicative of life on Mars. Last semester we did intensive research to understand the environmental conditions on Mars. This semester we are designing a mote that would deploy chemicals on Mars. The chemicals will react with biologically relevant molecules, and based on the chemical reaction, we would be able to distinguish what types of bio-signs are present. The main chip we intend to use is a micro-chip which has a built-in humidity sensor, a temperature sensor, solar panels and other features which will help us in designing the motes. The extra sensors (humidity and temperature) will be deployed with the biosensor in order for us to have some in-depth knowledge of the environmental conditions to determine if Martian conditions are stable enough to sustain life. Proto-typing, debugging and testing the design are reserved for Fall 2006.

Is the stethoscope, the primary means of auscultation, outdated? Primary care physicians use the stethoscope to diagnose a variety of heart conditions. However, many of these physicians have an alarmingly low diagnostic proficiency with the stethoscope. Heart murmurs, usually diagnosed through auscultation, are the result of turbulent blood flow in the heart and may or may not be dangerous. Many heart murmurs occur naturally and are referred to as innocent murmurs, whereas others represent serious blood flow problems within the heart and require treatment. Perhaps an electronic stethoscope could classify and distinguish heart murmurs as either being innocent or pathological in nature. But before that is possible, a more detailed look at heart sounds is required. The objective of this analysis is to remove the influence of respiration on heart sound recordings. Using signal processing techniques such as frequency decomposition, Fourier Transforms, and Wavelets the heart sound will be segmented and characterized. The heart poses an unusual challenge for quantitative analysis because of its dynamic nature. Merely by standing up, heart rate and the volume of blood being pumped changes significantly, which complicates the heart sound analysis. However, this analysis will bring us closer to developing a third ear for the stethoscope, an electronic one that could classify murmurs and ultimately save lives and cut medical costs. This technology would be especially valuable to populations living in remote areas such as the Pacific Ocean Basin where seeing a cardiologist often means traveling to another island.

The biota from Hawaiian anchialine ponds (isolated saline pools) have been known to survive for long periods of time in sealed containers. Further, these ponds are home to unique organisms that have developed an endogenously controlled, semi-enclosed ecosystem with unusually high recycling rates of nutrients. Here I present an experiment to help understand how a closed bioregenerative ecosystem, modeled after the native Hawaiian anchialine habitat, works; by examining the keystone species Halocaridina rubra. Multiple, small systems were used to simulate closed anchialine environments with the response variable of survival of the small endemic shrimp H. rubra. H. rubra were stocked at different densities with 3 replicates for each treatment of 4, 8, 11, 13, and 16 individuals per 1 liter container that will be sealed containing the following: 0.9 liters of saltwater, a gravel substrate collected from the anchialine ponds, a porous sponge as a substrate for development of algae and phytoplankton, and a small amount of measured seed algae. The shrimp were subjected to a natural light cycle of 12 hours of light/darkness. Water quality parameters were monitored throughout the experiment to determine the effects of varying densities upon a closed ecosystem. Preliminary results indicate a possible density around 4-6 shrimp per liter. Further experiments testing the effects on the varying levels of salinity and nitrate will be conducted.

Under the centralized rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan in the Edo period (1603-1868) developed an advanced urban culture. Scholars thus acknowledge that food culture was thenceforth heavily influenced by the urban middle class of merchants and artisans. Focusing on the late 18th and early 19th centuries, this study will examine the following three aspects of Japanese food culture and how they related to the urban class. First, we will examine the changing role of restaurants through their use as a public meeting-place. Second, we will examine how amateur learning movements encouraged dilettantism in appraising cuisine. Finally, we will examine how the increase in travel created a more national image of food. Through these three aspects, I hope to relate food culture with other aspects of Japanese culture, as well as the changing values of Tokugawa society.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) actively conducts and supports research in the area of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). UAVs have proven particularly beneficial in areas such as reconnaissance, inspection, and communication. Some are so small that they can be disassembled into pieces small enough to fit into a backpack. In addition to being compact and portable, UAVs, particularly on a smaller scale, are also more cost effective and have the ability to work in conditions that are unsuitable for humans. Due to their novelty, there is still much research that needs to be done on UAVs, particularly on the low Reynolds effects on the aerodynamics of small UAVs. One current topic in this area is the interplay between low Reynolds numbers of micro-air vehicles (MAVs) and aerodynamic loads, such as lift, drag, and pitch moment. This research investigates the effects of low Reynolds numbers on the aerodynamics of different MAV flapping mechanisms using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools. FEMLAB, a CFD code by COMSOL, is being used in the analysis. The findings of this research effort will not only enhance our understanding of the aerodynamics of these small airplanes, but they will also contribute to the design of novel, improved, and ultimately more reliable MAVs.

Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular events caused by rupture or fissuring of atherosclerotic plaques. It is hypothesized that formation of an unstable plaque is mediated by the secretion of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). MMPs are secreted by macrophages within the lesion and might increase the risk of plaque rupture. We have previously shown that diabetic mice with elevated triglycerides show signs of plaque rupture. We therefore investigated the role of diabetes and diabetic factors, namely oleic acid (OA), and glucose on MMP-9 and MMP-14 gene expression in macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated from female C57BL/6 mice. Macrophages were stimulated with 70 microM of OA or 25 mM glucose and collected at 6, 24, and 48-hour intervals. Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR methods we found no differences in MMP-9 or MMP-14 gene expression after stimulation with OA or glucose. We also analyzed gene expression of MMP-9 and MMP-14 in thioglycollate-elicited macrophages from non-diabetic and diabetic transgenic mice. The diabetic animals (n=10) had significantly higher levels of blood glucose compared to control (n=5). Blood glucose levels were 533±22.2 and 146±9.9 mg/dl, respectively. The gene expression of MMP-9 and MMP-14 from macrophages collected from diabetic and non-diabetic animals was not different. In summary, diabetes does not affect the gene expression of MMP-9 or MMP-14, but we cannot rule out a post-transcriptional regulation of these enzymes by diabetes.

The United States of America has a long and troubled history with racism and warfare. As a culture of war as well as diversity, Americans have had to deal with the intense act of fighting a war and the inevitable onslaught of racism against people that hold ethnic and religious ties to the enemy. During the American Civil War the blacks became the obvious targets of racism and hate crimes. The infamous New York City draft riots resulted in eleven innocent African Americans being lynched over a course of five bloody days. The Second World War, with all of its moral authority resulted in the internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans. The months following the terrorist attacks on 9/11 brought forth a new wave of hate crimes that targeted American Muslims at an unprecedented level. Across the country mosques were burned and Arab Americans began experiencing a drastic increase in hate crimes. History has shown that when faced with war, the American public turns many of their emotions onto their fellow countrymen and women who ethnically resemble the enemy. This thesis will examine the influence of the culture of war on racism in America.

Although Jagged Edge, High Crimes, Adam's Rib, Legally Blonde, Class Action, and I am Sam each boasts a stellar cast and an outstanding lead female actress (e.g. Glenn Close, Katherine Hepburn, and Ashley Judd) these movies portray a female lawyer fighting an up-hill battle against the burden of pervasive gender stereotypes and unfair treatment imposed by Hollywood movies. Worse, she never wins her battles against these stereotypes, but ends up reinforcing them. On-screen female lawyers fall victim to the common stereotypes of failing to be both wife/mother and career woman, cannot escape the influence and manipulation of male characters, and cannot achieve justice fairly and on her own merit. These stock characteristics of female lawyers have prevented women, both in movies and reality, from being recognized as capable and competent lawyers. Hollywood stereotypes can and do perpetuate, reinforce, and affect the perception of female lawyers. In this thesis, I examine how and to what extent different movie genres (suspense/psychological thriller, comedy, drama) perpetuate and adhere to the stereotypical female character role. How does she fail as a mother and career woman? How susceptible to male manipulation is she? And to what degree of adversity does she have to endure to achieve justice? I also analyze movie genres to determine if the female image has improved in contemporary movies as opposed to earlier ones. Recognizing these damaging images of female characters in Hollywood films is the first step in altering negative perceptions of female lawyers.

Epidemics have risen throughout history, and despite numerous present-day advances, the response of humanity to medical disaster has changed little. Major influenza outbreaks have appeared three times in the past century, the most dangerous being the Spanish Influenza epidemic in 1918. Within two years over a billion people, approximately half of the world's population at the time had been infected, resulting in over twenty million deaths. Less than a century later, Avian Influenza has appeared in the global arena, and the global community must respond. Through expert interviews, historical documentation and examination of both economic and biological resources, I will be looking at the medical characteristics of Avian Influenza, and researching past epidemics in search of a model for predicting the potential effects of Avian Influenza. I am investigating various aspects of epidemic threats, including economic, social and political elements, and the efficiency of past responses to epidemics. The focus of my research is on the state of Hawai‘i, which is particularly vulnerable to epidemic infection due to its central geographic locale and an overexposure of the state to non-residents, including tourists and military personnel, who could be possible epidemic carriers. I will be developing a worst case scenario prediction and will be looking at the potential impacts on Hawai‘i, including predicted death toll and economic costs. Hawai‘i has an epidemic response plan prepared for a potential Avian Influenza outbreak. I will be examining the strategy chosen, looking into alternative solutions, and potentially proposing my own recommendations.

Suspended load in the water column, as measured by turbidity, has been given much attention in marine research. Suspended matter can include such things as plankton or sediment and has shown the potential to influence coral reef communities. Using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) scientists have been able to gauge temporal variations in turbidity levels in a wide variety of marine environments. A turbidity analogue known as acoustic backscatter is obtained by transforming ADCP echo intensity data by means of the sonar equation. A simplified method was used to obtain acoustic backscatter estimates for data from a June 2005 deployment of ADCPs in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. These data were then compared against current, tide, wave, and wind data in order to find correlations between these physical mechanisms and changes in backscatter levels. A field experiment involving water sampling at the Kaneohe field site was also undertaken in an attempt to determine the accuracy of backscatter estimates in comparison to actual suspended load.

Whether described as war crimes, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing or genocide, the crisis in Darfur remains a complex challenge to humanitarian organizations, international governmental organizations and to the people of Darfur--with up to 400,000 already dead. Since Sudan's independence in 1956, Darfur has suffered from extreme economic and political marginalization. Tensions among Darfur's tribes, driven by competition for scarce resources--resulting from extreme drought, famine, and encroaching desertification--escalated with the introduction of arms to the region just as indigenous conflict resolution systems were undermined by government policy. The crisis is not the result of ancient tribal conflict, nor is it about religion, and the Arab-African race dichotomy is a very recent result of political manipulation--it is not a cause, but a symptom of the politicization of ethnic-consciousness. Exploring the foundations of Darfur's rebel movements and the unleashing of government forces on the people of Darfur, reveals a complex crisis that demands comprehensive, cooperative international action. Thorough analysis of the international response to Darfur, examining the role of pan-African governmental organizations, the European Union, and the United Nations, with a focus on what lies ahead for efforts to improve the situation for the two-million internally displaced, the 200,000 refugees in Chad, for Sudan-Chad border stability, and for efforts to bring perpetrators to justice, will contribute to the dialogue of creating a sustainable political solution for the cessation of hostilities and the rebuilding of a destroyed Darfur.

The goal of this study is to characterize the eruptive behavior of Olympus Mons. We are interested in estimating flow speeds and volume fluxes for lava flows produced from various vents on the volcano. Our methodology involves: (1) identifying pristine lava tubes and channels from the data received by the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on Mars Odyssey and the high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) aboard Mars Global Surveyor and reprojecting these images to compare with MOLA digital elevation data; (2) measuring the widths and depths of channels and tubes from the reprojected images and measuring the ground slopes from a slope map produced based on the MOLA 1/128^o DEM; and (3) calculating flow speeds and total volume fluxes of the lava, based on assumed values of viscosity and density. To date, we have width, depth and ground slope measurements of 49 lava tubes and 254 channels from 106 MOC and THEMIS images of Olympus Mons. Image data of Olympus Mons examined to date show that channels are more numerous than tubes, but this may be due to the fact that tubes cannot be detected until they collapse and are therefore likely under represented due to sampling biases. We observe that tubes are prevalent near the summit while channels are dominantly seen on the middle and lower flanks as well as the basal scarp. Channels are found on a variety of slopes from 0 to 17 degrees, while tubes are found on 10 degree slopes or less.

The American environmental movement is often criticized for its internal disunity and its lack of significant influence on groups not already aligned with environmental social causes. This project will be an exploration of how the increased implementation of optimistic and, to some degree, humorous rhetoric (the successful use of language) accompanied by the effective use of computer-mediated communication could enhance the influence and efficacy of environmental causes within the green movement and among less environmentally inclined groups. Definitions of "movement" and "activism" and "computer mediated communication" will be explored. An overview of the history of American environmentalism will be included with an emphasis on the role of rhetoric in the movement. The problem of risk communication will be analyzed as will be optimism, pessimism, romanticism and humor in contemporary environmental rhetoric. Non-Internet-based environmental rhetoric, such as that found in Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring, a 2003 book, The Real Environmental Crisis, and the 2005 essay "Death of Environmentalism," will be discussed as rhetorical strategy case studies. Communication methods, rhetorical strategies and responses to such methods and strategies used by representative environmentally oriented (green) Web sites will be analyzed, as in web applications such as articles, blogs, message boards, and action alerts with attention paid to the interactions between web applications and rhetoric, in order to help us move toward a definition of a successful Internet presence.

For centuries in western society the Gay, Lesbian, Transgendered, and Bisexual individual has been persecuted, marginalized and discriminated against by others within their own cultures solely on the basis of their sexuality. But has history always played out this way? The simple answer is no. In many indigenous cultures homosexuality and gender diversity were not looked upon as strange or sinful, but instead were incorporated as integral components of the society. Foremost among cultures whose past runs counter to modern taboos and whose people have historically fostered queer individuals were the pre-European civilizations of Hawai‘i and Sāmoa. The aikāne, māhū, and fa‘afafine all existed within historical Polynesia and, with the exception of the aikāne still continue to thrive today. This paper will look at the aikāne, māhū, and fa‘afafine and attempt to understand their roles, social status, and place within historical Polynesia. It will also consider their present status and how the external forces of westernization, Christianity, and colonialism have caused these roles to change. Finally, it will explore solutions to social problems by reexamining traditional Polynesian systems of thought that have been subjugated by these forces and the inroads made by modernity.

The Cansat program was designed to instill an interest in the electrical and mechanical engineering field. By implementing a learning environment which will facilitate the completion of a project-based curriculum, students gain valuable experience working with electronics. The goals of the Cansat program are to design and build an electronic sensor package, which will fit inside of a twelve-ounce soda can and take various environmental measurements. The sensor package will use GPS to locate itself with respect to a target location. Once a position is acquired the unit must autonomously make its way to the target location. This package is being built with the intention of entering in the ARLISS open competition which is taking place in Blackrock, Nevada in September. The cansats will be launched in M class rockets to heights of several thousands of feet. Windward Community College has developed and tested a Cansat which takes acceleration data and stores the information in the memory onboard the satellite. Our intention is to develop a package, which will take temperature, pressure, and acceleration measurements and transmit the information down to a ground station via two 900 MHz RF transceivers. Our sensor equipment is to be integrated with a remote control vehicle.

"The Tattered Knight " is a Japanese fantasy novel about Ryosuke, a boy who dreams of becoming a hero. His desire is foiled when he unwittingly brings murder to his village, but in the confusion he is mistaken for a survivor and is recommended to the Meiyonokishi--an elite class of samurai--exclusive to individuals of great deeds or potential. Ryosuke is given a chance to redeem his past by pursuing his dream. Meanwhile, an ancient corruption stirs throughout the land and Ryosuke again finds himself at the center of chaos. Pursued by glowing eyed ninjas, imperial guards, a wandering priest, and an inner darkness, Ryosuke must discover true heroism to save the land and himself. Past, present, and future, collide as he struggles against memories, identity, and morality with friend and foe while proving himself worthy of being a Meiyonokishi. The "hero's journey" and path of martial arts work similar models in relation to Zen Buddhism. The adventure requires personal growth (in mind, body, and spirit) to deal with conflicts found in our own lives. According to my experience and present research, many Japanese and Chinese fantasy fiction stories, whether movie, animation, or manga (Japanese comics) follow a blend of "Zen journey" (a combination of the "hero's journey" and Zen Buddhism themes) where self-realization leads to formidable strength. As an audience, such stories have direct relevance--providing entertaining and inspiring tales to enrich our own journeys and strengthen us for the struggles ahead.

An important problem in image science is obtaining an objective assessment of an image's quality. One way to deal with this problem is to base the assessment on the amount of statistical information gathered from object and image ensembles. This task is computationally intensive and therefore needs high performance computing to carry out these complex mathematical equations. A parallel program has been created to run MATLAB scripts in a parallel environment. The results will then be graphed and used to characterize the quality of an image. The motivation of this project is based on showing that an image's quality can be assessed without the use of imagery analysts and most importantly obtaining the ability to test and optimize imaging systems.

During the creation of a molecular library of compounds consisting of cyclopentenones, we have discovered a novel variant of the allenyl Nazarov cyclization process. The reaction utilizes a Lewis acid, specifically ytterbium (III) triflate, to catalyze the 4π conrotatory electrocyclic ring closure of an aryl allenyl ketone. Aromaticity, however, is not restored to the aryl group upon completion of the reaction. An extension of this reaction incorporates a Brønsted-Lowry base to simultaneously isomerize the exocyclic double bond of the carbocycle. Preliminary reactions utilizing this methodology have shown poor yields (30%); and further experimentation and optimization of the reaction is needed. This reaction may present a simple method of introducing structural diversity into larger complex molecules.

This project will be done in two parts. One part of the project will be research-based. It will explore the connection between philosophy and poetry, focusing on certain Beat era poems as specific examples. I will start, however, with some more general discussion of the discrepancy in status the two have had historically. Then I will enter into a discussion of the way the work of each subject parallels that of the other. I plan to use as evidence for the philosophy section some of the work done in judgment and aesthetics by famous philosopher, Immanuel Kant. After giving some background and explanation regarding Kant's notion of the "dynamical sublime" as well as philosophy's "Cartesian ego," I will identify these two concepts within Beat poems. I will also try to locate them within the poetic movement's more popular general themes, such as Eastern Philosophy and linguistic frankness and inventiveness. Ultimately, this "Afterword" seeks to give a deeper kind of explanation for the usefulness and reason behind the act of writing. The other part will be a poetry project of my own. These poems will cover a range of issues, but will be concerned mostly with a love story. Drawing from certain inspirations found within the Beat poetry, each of my poems will seek to inhabit the page individually, with their own breath and value, but will ultimately string together to tell a story in a more or less consecutive manner.

The low-cost airline phenomenon has recently emerged in Southeast Asia. As the region's low-cost airlines emulate the established low-cost airline models of North America and Western Europe, some industry analysts have warned against such moves because Southeast Asian low-cost airlines operate in a different environment from their foreign pioneers. On the other hand, some have argued the low-cost airline model can be replicated in Southeast Asia because low-cost airlines share similar business principles across the world. The complexity of the low-cost airline industry has motivated this paper to address the following questions: How similar and different are the low-cost airline industries in North America, Western Europe, and Southeast Asia? What are the implications of these similarities and differences for Southeast Asian low-cost airlines? This paper aims to answer the two key questions through a comparative analysis of three carefully matched case studies from each region: Southwest Airlines in North America, Ryanair in Western Europe, and AirAsia in Southeast Asia. Research sources used include trade, professional and academic journals, newspapers, tourism statistical reports, and a personal interview with a former low-cost airline executive in Asia. Factors to be considered in the comparative analysis are the external environments, resources, and marketing strategies of each selected low-cost airline. The findings will be of interest not only to low-cost airlines, but also to governments, travelers, and communities that are impacted by low-cost airlines.

Slope streaks are features seen on the Martian surface that are considered to result from land slide mass movements. Comparison of overlapping images taken by the Viking Orbiter Camera in 1977-1978 and the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor in 1999-2005 indicates both formation and fading of slope streaks over time. One of the newly formed slope streaks has a track of a dust devil at its upper tip. This may indicate that dust devils trigger the land slides. Every area investigated has developed new slope streaks since Viking. Some areas are more active than others, but none is inactive. Streaks have disappeared at only one site. The rate of formation of new slope streaks over the past three decades, obtained from Viking/MOC overlaps, is lower than during the last few years, as observed in MOC/MOC overlaps.

How do students attain academic success? While intelligence is a vital factor, there are personality traits that could also promote scholastic achievement. I will examine the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that could possibly facilitate the academic development of students. Specifically, I plan to administer personality inventories to assess possible differences in self-efficacy, self-discipline, and time perspective between academic high-achievers--operationally defined as the Regents and Presidential Scholars and the Honors students--and a comparison group of regular students. Self-efficacy is the belief that one has the ability to reach a goal. Self-discipline is the ability to consciously exert control over one's own behavior, often for self-improvement. Time perspective is the subjective orientation towards time--past, present, and future--that affects how we perceive and respond to the world. I hypothesize that academic high-achievers will have higher levels of self-efficacy and self-discipline, and a predominantly future time perspective. I also plan to have participants fill out time logs to evaluate differences in routines and time spent engaged in various activities. The purpose of this study is to establish a relationship between high-achieving students and the traits hypothesized to be present.

The number of homeschoolers in the U.S. has increased exponentially in the past 15 years, and there are a number of resources and support groups accessible to the parents of young homeschoolers. However, there aren't many that meet the needs of teenage homeschoolers, whose requirements are different from young homeschoolers because they need to form social networks and set educational and career goals. Teenage homeschoolers are located remotely across the country, so it is not feasible to create a physical location for them to access the required resources. The Internet provides a medium through which teenage homeschoolers can meet friends, obtain college advice, and learn about career opportunities via a technological "location": an online community. Motivated by the lack of community resources available to teenage homeschoolers, I designed and implemented teenhomeschool.com, an online community for teenage homeschoolers and supported by computer-mediated communication. By meeting in a virtual community designed for their needs, the users of this website are able to improve their socialization opportunities, seek college advice, and locate career information. The design of teenhomeschool.com was based on the hypothesis that with a thorough understanding of the community to be supported and a close relationship with the community members, website developers will be able to design better online communities, which will lead to greater participation in the online communities. This website, teenhomeschool.com, is designed to meet very specific needs of a community that has not yet been successfully served by computer-mediated communication.

The twinkling of the stars may provide subject for countless poems, but in astronomy the effect, also called scintilation, is a big problem. It is caused by turbulence in the atmosphere. Different masses of differently heated air cause an effect which can be compared to a myriad of small lenses bouncing around in the air, which we see by the star twinkling. As astronomers began trying to look more closely at the stars, they built bigger and bigger telescopes. By collecting light over a larger area, they could see better, but they ran against a barrier. As the telescope gathered more light, it also was gathering more twinkle. At some point building a bigger scope did not make the image any better, the twinkle added up to a big blur. Adaptive Optics (AO) solves this issue. In AO, by using a bright star or laser as guide, a Deformable Mirror (DM) is adjusted to correct the distortion in the atmosphere, providing a clear image. In my presentation I will provide a history of AO and why it is a necessary part of modern astronomy. I will then discuss the major features of an AO system using our own demonstrator system as a working example. Finally I will present alterations and tests we'll be making on the bench this semester to improve the performance of the system.

My childhood memories paint me as a constantly hungry youth: I spent my happiest times in my grandmother's kitchen, eating warm, salty musubi atop a wooden stool while watching her cook. Food plays a critical role in the memories and traditions of all families and cultures. The field of food studies, which examines the practices and customs of food production and consumption, applies to all human individuals and groups. In this project, I explored the ties between food and ethnic identity within my family, producing a study of four generations of Japanese-American women in Hawai‘i. I explored the transfer of various constructions of Japan, our ancestral country, through recipes and food memories shared by my great-grandmother, grandmother, mother, and myself. My thesis features recipes, photographs, and stories that together illustrate a culinary portrait of my family. This portrait serves as a localized picture of the evolution of ethnic identity between generations, a recognition of which becomes of particular importance in a globalized world where identity undergoes constant alteration. The recipe collections that I present feature constructions of Japan both separate and convergent, and they reflect changing perceptions of self in relation to ethnicity. Food and eating function as learning experiences through which we transfer not only knowledge of the item consumed, but also the memories attached to such foods. Through sharing recipes, our family maintains a memory of and a hunger for Japan.

According to a census conducted in Japan in 1995, as many as 60% of single men and 80% of single women between the ages of twenty and thirty-four live with their parents. Japanese sociologist Masahiro Yamada coined the term "parasite singles" to describe these young men and women who continue to live with their parents well into their late thirties. Although the phrase "parasite singles" refers both to men and women, mostly it stigmatizes single women for Japan's long economic slump and its declining birthrate. While the emergence of "parasite singles" shows that women are given more choice and freedom in deciding their futures, the fact that these women are coined in such a derogative way and are blamed for the decrease in population and the economic slump shows that there are still problems with gender equality. By studying the "parasite singles" phenomenon, I will examine the social problems in Japan that cause many women to choose to remain single. Furthermore, I will address progress made towards gender equality. First, I will conduct research on inclusion of women in the workforce and in politics. Next, I will examine the structure of Japanese businesses and the accommodations they provide for women with children. After that I will look at other cultural factors affecting how Japanese women are viewed in Japan. Finally, I will examine Yamada's theory and analyze the correlation between the economic slump and population decrease with the rise of "parasite singles."

Local literature can be studied as both an index and living part of local identity. Being "local" in Hawai'i is a politically charged site of conflict and compromise between American assimilation, ethnic tradition, blood, time, and choice. I believe this concept is one we are responsible to explore and question in order to make decisions that will help us best care for our home. I will examine the complicated concept of local identity by looking at local writer Alani Apio's two plays, Kāmau and Kāmau A'e. I will focus on his use of multilingualism (the practice of codeswitching between English, Pidgin, and Hawaiian without explicit translation) as a literary strategy. Language is never neutral, it's a culture-specific way of perceiving and thinking. I'm interested in how multilingual texts use language change to question the idea of a single, stable identity. I will draw on postcolonial theories of language including Kamau Brathwaite's "nation language," Homi Bhabha's concept of "hybridity," Hawai‘i -specific critiques of hybridity by Juliana Spahr, Cynthia Franklin, and Laura Lyons, and Lee Tonouchi's Pidgin philosophy. I will ask the following questions of the text. What ideas do each language represent? Why do characters switch languages? How do the languages speak to or silence each other? How do translations/non-translations include or exclude different audiences? And ultimately, how does multilingualism help us understand the complexities of local identity?